Sacred dances are performed as part of the Tibetan New Year celebrations and monastic rituals each year. Although many of these dances were historically performed in secret, over the centuries it became customary to allow the public to view the dance performances. Sacred dance exists in both Buddhist and Yungdrung Bön religious traditions as a means of conveying wisdom related to the path of enlightenment as well as the mundane world. Sacred dances, Tibetan: cham, are performed by both monks and laypeople. Each cham has its own unique steps, gestures, costume, and accompanying instruments. When an ordained person wears the dress and ornaments of a deity and performs the dance, they dissolve attachment to their own identity and merge with the enlightened body, speech, and mind of the deity. In this way, the dances are to be viewed not as worldly entertainment, but with devotion and the pure view that one is in the presence of the actual deity and receiving a multitude of inconceivable blessings. In this way, illness, obstacles, and negative influences are pacified; and health, longevity, and prosperity are strengthened.
His Holiness the 33rd Menri Trizin Lungtok Tenpé Nyima Rinpoche is widely credited with personally rescuing the Bön traditional sacred dances from obscurity. He was a student in Amdo and had responsibility for the dances for six years. During the first three years, he performed at the end of the line of dancers which indicates being new to the dance and needing to follow others. The final three years, he performed at the beginning of the line as the dance master who leads all the other dancers. He trained both monks and nuns to perform the cham and was able to preserve the complete performance instructions for the dances.
Among the variety of cham within the Yungdrung Bön religious tradition, there are three cycles of sacred dance that are commonly performed: (1) Sacred Dance of the Mother Tantra, (2) Sacred Dance of the Nine Zema Sisters, and (3) Sacred Dance of the Nine Indestructible Shenraps.
The Sacred Dance of the Mother Tantra was not commonly performed for the public until after the 15th century. The Buddhist Mother Tantra cham dance is similar in that it also demonstrates the path of liberation and shares the characteristic of the dancers wearing black hats with black coverings hanging in front of the eyes. This cham is performed after first creating the mandala of the Mother Tantra, inviting the collective Mother Tantra deities, and then performing a feast offering. The steps of the dance are divided into three categories that are named according to the first three characters of the Tibetan syllabary: KA, KHA, and GA. During the KA steps, all of the deities are invited with the sound of the large drum. With the KHA steps, the six emanations of Sipé Gyalmo, the forty peaceful and wrathful deities, the forty-five female guardians, and the thirty-five supreme deities of space are presented with offerings. With the GA steps, the four kinds of enlightened activity are accomplished and blessings are bestowed. This dance has been greatly supported by the Shen family, the descendants of the the enlightened Lord Tönpa Shenrap Miwoché.
The Sacred Dance of the Nine Zema Sisters depicts the beginning of our three thousand-fold world system according to Yungdrung Bön cosmology. According to one account, the goddess Lhamo Chucham Gyalmo and Lha Gö Tokpa produced twenty-seven eggs. From the first nine eggs emerged the Zema Gu, or the nine Zema sisters who have animal heads and human bodies. These nine sisters were appointed as protectors by Takla Mebar. It is said that this dance began with the tertön Shenchen Luga who discovered the associated text in 1017 CE.
During the dance, the dancers wear animal masks that represent each of these nine sisters. From the twenty-seven eggs emerged the twenty-seven sisters. In the early days of Tibet, all twenty-seven sisters were depicted in the dance. This cosmology is so deeply rooted in Tibetan history that the country of Tibet was once referred to as “born from an egg.” The nine zema sisters depicted in the dance are:
- Blue Dragon-headed
- Dark-green Snake-headed
- Black Garuda-headed
- White Lion-headed
- Red Bear-headed
- Dark-red Wolf-headed
- Dark-brown Tiger-headed
- Yellow-green Garuda-headed
- Female Lu with a Hungry Mouth
This dance has fifteen different kinds of steps:
- Guiding Along the Path Steps
- Tiger Steps
- Gait of a Lion Steps
- Peaceful and Wrathful Steps
- Meri Steps
- Mother Tantra steps
- Wrathful Manner Steps
- Welcome Steps
- Energy Moving Steps
- Drawing the Arrow
- Taming the Sky
- Taming the Earth
- Shooting Four
- Sipé Gyalmo Steps
- Cycle of Bön Lamas Steps
Sacred Dance of the Indestructible Shenraps is different from the other dances in that there are many lead dancers. It has been performed since the 15th century every year on the 29th day of the 12th lunar month as instructed by the founder of Menri Monastery, His Holiness the 1st Menri Trizin Nyammé Sherap Gyaltsen. This sacred dance depicts nine religious protectors of the Yungdrung Bön tradition that have all taken vows to protect the religion and its followers. The dance has nine distinct types of steps that each have a precise meaning. The nine protectors depicted in the dance are:
- Sipé Gyalmo who is the principal of the dance
- Mudü who is the chief of the fierce dré and srin spirits
- Tsen who is chief of the powerful tsen dré spirits
- Absé Gyalwa who is another chief of the powerful tsen spirits
- Nyipangsé who is a gyalpo or king spirit of Zhang Zhung
- Dzam Ngon who is also known as Blue Dzambhala or Kubera and is a wealth deity
- Sheltrap Chen
- Drakpa Sengé
- Tago
Tibetan translations by Raven Cypress Wood
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